10.47313 Modeling Of Sustainable Mineral And Coal Governance Based On Systems Thinking And U Theory

Modeling Of Sustainable Mineral And Coal Governance Based On Systems Thinking And U Theory

Abstract

Public administration plays a very vital and strategic role for the sustainability
of the life of the nation and state. Within the scope of public administration, there
are branches of public policy; where what is meant by public policy is all forms
of activity related to government policy with the aim of solving all problems that
occur in the public sphere. Government policy is a form of government response
or reaction in overcoming a public problem. The problems that arise usually
reflect the situation and conditions in the public sphere that can potentially cause
social tensions or social unrest.
Public policy on natural resource management (SDA), especially minerals
and coal (minerba) in Indonesia, is controlled by the state for the greatest welfare
of the people (Article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
Indonesia) by giving the government authority to cooperate with business actors
and/or through state company. The absence of a mineral and coal governance
guideline since the 1999 reform until the issuance of the 2009 mineral and coal
law was the initial stage of the emergence of various chaos in the mineral and coal
sector. The problem of mineral and coal decentralization is complicated by the
amendment of Regional Government Law No. 32 of 2004 to be No. 23 of 2014
which focuses on the transfer of several powers, including mineral and coal to the
control of the provincial government, which changes the architecture of mineral
and coal management and its bureaucracy.
Such matters reflect that sustainable mining governance is complex,
with various interests involved from central, regional, community, private
and international government levels. The transformation of mineral and coal
governance requires in depth research in order to make this sector contribute as
much as possible to the welfare of the people in the framework of a prosperous
Indonesia. The author uses a mixed methodology of qualitative by soft systems
thinking (SSM, Soft System Methodology) and enriched Theory U, with the
help of social network analysis (SNA, Social Network Analysis) and testing
findings (novelty) with the SEM-WarpPLS as quantitative multiple predictive
methodology.
This qualitative research method is based on the SSM system thinking
methodology with the aim of: 1) Describing and analyzing the general description - 64 -
and structuring of mineral and coal governance problems in Indonesia, 2)
Describing and analyzing the implementation of national mineral and coal
governance based on SSM analysis, SNA and U theory, The quantitative method
is to 3) Determining model of sustainable mining governance based on the
collaborative analysis of SSM-SNA-U theory.
By using the SNA NodeXL approach of mineral and coal policy law No.
4 of 2009, it can be concluded that the actor most accessed (in degree) is IUP /
WIUP while the actor who has the most access (out degree) is the government.
Meanwhile, IUP (exploration / production operations) is an influential actor in
determining the main policy relationship (betweeness centrality). Meanwhile,
IUP OP and IUPK are the closest actors and are widely discussed (closeness
centrality). The most central actor (eigenvector centrality) is the name of the
company.
Content analysis by SNA Nvivo of the Minerba Law Number 4 of 2009
found several important findings, that mineral and coal as a non-renewable
resource is controlled by the state with development and implementation based on
the principles of externality, accountability and efficiency, involving the central
and local governments. Mining businesses must provide maximum economic and
social benefits for the welfare of the Indonesian people by accelerating regional
development and encouraging community/small and medium business economic
activities.
The conclusion from the analysis of the SNA NodeXL analysis regarding
local government governance policies of Law No. 23 of 2014 is that further
provisions, the regional head is the actor who has the most access (in degree),
while the actor who has the most access (out degree) is the minister. As for the
regional head, government affairs, regional autonomy are the influential actors
in establishing the main policy relationship (betweeness centrality). Meanwhile,
DPRD members are the closest and most discussed actor relations (closeness
centrality). The most central actor (eigenvector centrality) is the district/city
regulation.
New research findings (research novelty) of qualitative analysis about the
root causes of mineral and coal governance policies in Indonesia with the SSM
approach and the U theory perspective include:
a.
Improvement of the permit and land use system
b.
c.
d.
Management of commodity production and trade
Supervision of mining production
Increase in added value and development of downstream industries - 65 -
e.
Supervision of quality standards, handling of social and environmental
impacts
f.
g.
h.
i.
Improvement of the tax system and state revenues, as well as financial and
investment aspects
Mineral and coal funds
Effectiveness of regional development and decentralization
Law enforcement, prevention and eradication of corruption, and institutional
strengthening.
Based on the quantitative analysis of the SEM-WarpPLS predictive
method considering of its indicators for each supporting factor as a review of the
qualitative research findings, it can be concluded that:
1.
Sustainable mining governance in Indonesia is closely related and is a function
of the SSM system thinking process, which includes decentralization, U
theory, governance, environmental quality, quality of CSR, and economic
development that occurs.
2.
3.
4.
Decentralization plays a central role in attracting quality of environmental,
quality of governance, quality of community, and quality of economy as
well as driving or driving the maintenance and improvement of sustainable
mining governance.
Transformation of mineral and coal governance based on U theory has a
role to strengthen the effect of Quality of environmental and Quality of
governance on sustainable mining governance, besides that it has an absolute
role so that Quality of community and Quality of economy increase.
Sustainable mineral and coal governance is a function of governance,
economic, community, environment, mediated by decentralization and
moderated by governance theory U.