Analisis Bioetika Islam terhadap Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) dan Pengambilan Keputusan Medis pada Kasus Anomali Janin: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47313/jkik.v9i2.4357Abstrak
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) merupakan metode skrining prenatal yang banyak digunakan untuk mendeteksi anomali kromosom janin secara dini dengan risiko minimal bagi ibu dan janin. Meskipun memiliki manfaat klinis yang signifikan, peningkatan penggunaan NIPT menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan etika, terutama dalam pengambilan keputusan medis ketika terdeteksi adanya anomali janin. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penggunaan NIPT serta menganalisis dilema etika dalam pengambilan keputusan prenatal berdasarkan perspektif bioetika Islam. Metode yang digunakan adalah narrative review terhadap jurnal nasional dan internasional bereputasi yang diterbitkan dalam lima tahun terakhir, dengan fokus pada NIPT, dilema etika, penanganan anomali janin, dan prinsip bioetika Islam. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa NIPT efektif secara klinis dan dapat diterima secara etis sebagai alat skrining, namun masih menghadapi tantangan terkait informed consent, routinization, otonomi reproduksi, serta implikasinya terhadap keberlanjutan kehamilan. Dalam perspektif bioetika Islam, pengambilan keputusan medis pasca-NIPT harus berlandaskan pada maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, khususnya perlindungan jiwa (ḥifẓ al-nafs), pertimbangan maslahat dan mafsadat, serta penghormatan terhadap martabat manusia. Integrasi nilai-nilai tersebut penting untuk memastikan praktik prenatal yang etis dan berkeadilan.
Kata Kunci: Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT), Bioetika Islam, Anomali Janin, Pengambilan Keputusan Medis, Etika Prenatal
Referensi
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