New Public Sphere dan Perkembangan Teknologi Media Sosial di Kawasan MENA (Middle East and North Africa): Studi Kasus Peranan Media InternasionalterhadapPembentukan Social Networking dalam Egyptian Revolution
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47313/pjsh.v3i1.399Abstract
ABSTRACT
Massive movement of the Egyptian people, called the Egyptian Revolution, is part of a wave of democratization of the Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa.The purpose of this essay is to provide information about the influence of new public sphere and media technology, to the civil society movement in the region. The public sphere is the space of communication of ideas and projects that emerge from society and are addressed to the decision makers in the institutions of society. The global civil society is the organized expression of the values and interests of society. The relationships between government and civil society and their interaction via the public sphere define the polity of society. This essay is a qualitative study using the case study method. The results of this study showed that the development of global communication media has a significant influence on the civil society to develop their skills in using information technology. This has led to the Arab Spring in Tunisia became a successful spark that triggered the revolution in Egypt. Phase emergence of Reformers in the Arab Spring wave of democratization in Egypt indicate that the movement of the Reformers strongly associated with one of the instruments of mass communication become public means of expression, to spread the idea, and eventually forms a networking in a short time.
Keywords: New Public Sphere, social media, social movement, egyption revolution
References
BUKU
Creswell, John M. 2002, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, California: Sage Publication.
Shuhieb, Abdel Qader. 2011. The Last Hours of Mubarak. Cairo: Akhbar al-Yum.
Tamburaka, Apriadi. 2011.Revolusi Timur Tengah. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Narasi.Hurrel,
Andrew, 2002, Regionalism in World Politics Regional Organization and International Order, Oxford University Press.
Blaug, Ricardo & John Schwarzmantel (eds.). 1988. Democracy A Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
Robert L. Yin, 2011, Case Study Research: Design and Methods, California: Sage Publication.
Jurgen Habermas, 1996,Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of
Law and Democracy, Cambridge: MIT Press.
JURNAL DAN MEDIA ONLINE
Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 2009, “The Evolution of Social Protests in Egypt,” Cairo: Arab Strategic Report.
Albrecht, Holger and Schlumberger, Oliver (2004), “Waiting for Godot: Regime Change without Democratization in the Middle East”, International Political Science Review (25:4).
Ali Sarıhan, “Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt”, TJP Turkish Journal of Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1 Summer 2012, page: 71.
Anthony Shadid, “Egypt Erupts in Jubilation as Mubarak Steps Down, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (diakses pada tanggal 15 April 2013)
Anderson, Lisa. 2011. “Demystifying the Arab Revolt: Understanding the Differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya”, Foreign Affairs.
Bajoria, Jayshree. “Demographics of Arab Protests.” Council on Foreign Relations. www.cfr.org/egypt/demographics-arab-protests/p24096 (accessed February 14, 2011).
Bayat, Asef. 2011, “ The Paradoxes of Arab Refo-lutions”, Jadaliyya, March, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/contributors/7739.
Carrie Rosefsky Wickham. 1997.“Islamic Mobilization And Political Change : The Islamist Trend In Egypt’sProfessional Association”, Political Islam : Essays From Middle East Report, IB Taurist Publishers, London.
Cordesman, Anthony., et al. “The Arab Uprisings and U.S. Policy: What Is the American McCorquodale, Robert and Richard Fairbrother.1999. “Globalization and Human Rights” Source: Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 3
National Interest?” Middle East Policy 18, no. 2 (2011): 1-28.
Larry Diamond, 2010, “Why Are There No Arab Democracies?”, Journal of Democracy.
Rashid Khalidi, “The Arab Spring”, The Nation. 2011.
Lust, Ellen. 2009.“Competitive Clientelism in the Middle East”. Journal of Democracy.
Tucker, J.A., 2011. “Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems and Post Samer Shehara. 2004. “Egypt After 9/11: Preception of the United States,” Contemporary Conflicts, Social Science Research Council.
Posusney, Marsha Pripstein (2002), “Multiparty Elections in the Arab World: Institutional Engineering and Oppositional Strategies”,Studies in Comparative International Development.
Stephen J King, (2007), “Sustaining Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa”, Political Science Quarterly.
Communist Colored Revolutions”, Perspective on Politics, Vol. 7 No. 3.
“Mubarak fined for phone, internet shutdown”, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-05-28/mubarak-fined-for-phone-internet-shutdown/2735464 (diakses pada tanggal 15 April 2013)
“Egypt: Cairo’s Tahrir Square Fills with Protesters”, BBC 8 July 2011.
Jack A. Goldenstone.1980. “Theories of Revolution: The Third Generation”, World Politics.
Jamal, Amany and Tessler, Mark. 2008. “Attitudes in the Arab World”, Journal of Democracy.
Marc Lynch, “Beyond the Arab Street: Iraq and the Arab Public Sphere”, Journal of Politics and Society, Vol.31, 2003, hlm. 55-91. Diakses dari http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/1/55, Kamis, 30 Oktober 2008, pukul 23:33 WIB.
McAdam, Douglas and Ronnelle Paulsen. 1993. “Specifying the Relationship Between Social Ties and Activism.” American Journal of Sociology 99, no. 3.
Tilly, Charles. “Describing, Measuring, and Explaining Struggle.” Qualitative Sociology 31, no. 1.
McAdam, Douglas, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2008. “Methods for Measuring Mechanisms of Contention.” Qualitative Sociology 31, no. 4.
Lerner, Melissa. “Connecting the Actual with the Virtual: The Internet and Social Movement Theory in the Muslim World—The Cases of Iran and Egypt.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 30 no. 4.
Lynch, Marc. 2011. “After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Authoritarian Arab State.” Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 2 (2011): 301-310.
Reuel Marc Gerecht, “Better to Be Feared Than Loved,” dalam The Weekly Standard Vol.7, No.32.
International Crisis Group (ICG), Popular protests in North Africa and the Middle East (IV): Tunisia’s way, Middle East report 106 (Brussels: ICG, 2011), pp. 3–6.
Ryan, Yasmine. “ ow Tunisia’s Revolution Began.” Aljazeera English. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/2011126121815985483.html
Katerina Dalacoura, 2012, The 2011 uprisings in the Arab Middle East: political change and geopolitical implications, International Affairs, The Royal Institute of International Affairs. Published by Blackwell Publishing, hlm: 63–79
ICG, 2011Popular protest in the Middle East and North Africa (I): Egypt victorious? Middle East report 101, Brussels: ICG.
___, 2011,Popular protest in the Middle East and North Africa (V): Making sense of Libya, Middle East report 107. Brussels: ICG.
___, Popular protest in the Middle East and North Africa (III): The Bahrain revolt, Middle East report 105 (Brussels:
___, 2011), pp. 2–9; ICG, Popular protest in the Middle East and North Africa (VIII): Bahrain’s rocky road to reform, Middle East report 111 (Brussels: ICG, 2011).
___, Popular protest in the Middle East and North Africa (II): Yemen between reform and revolution, Middle East report 104 (Brussels: ICG, 2011), pp. 1–9.
___, Popular protest in the Middle East and North Africa (VI): The Syrian people’s slow-motion revolution, Middle East report 108 (Brussels: ICG, 2011), and Popular protest in the Middle East and North Africa (VII): The Syrian regime’s slow-motion suicide, Middle East report 109 (Brussels: ICG, 2011).
Protests in Jordan, Jan-Feb 2011.” Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East. http://www.cjpme.org/DisplayDocument.aspx?DO=795&RecID=637&DocumentID=1429&SaveMode=0 (accessed February 6, 2012).
“Thousands Protest in Jordan.” Al Jazeera. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011128125157509196.html (accessed November 30, 2011).
Jordan Braces For its 'Largest' Rally.” PRESSTV. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/166928.html (accessed November 30, 2011).
“Clashes Break Out at Jordan Anti-Government Protest.” BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12857360 (accessed November 29, 2011).
Leigh, Karen. “ ordan’s Islamists Take the Reins of the Protests.” Time World. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2065874,00.html?xid=tweetbut (accessed 7 February 2012).
Karadsheh, Jomana and Kareem Khadder. “ Jordanian Capital Calm, But Tensions Still igh.” CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-26/world/jordan.protests_1_protesters-islamists-clashes?_s=PM:WORLD (accessed February 7, 2012).
Luck, Taylor. “In ordan, Islamists Try to Spin Popular Protests into Political Uprising.” The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0121/In-Jordan-Islamists-try-to-spin-popular-protests-into-political-uprising. (accessed February 7, 2012).
Amnesty International, ‘Saudi Arabia: protesters and reformers targeted in name of security’, Dec. 2011,http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-protesters-and-reformists-targeted-name-security-2011-12-01,accessed 13 Dec. 2011.
Kitab Al-Ahram, Tahdits Misr, 2002, Modernisasi Mesit, Jurnal edisi 160.
Gamal Hamdan, Egypt’s Personality (Cairo: Kitab al-Hilal, 1967) [in Arabic], and Ahmad Sadeq Saad, In The Light of the Asiatic Mode of Production: The Social and Economic History of Egypt (Cairo: Dar Ibn Khaldun, 1979) [in Arabic].
Report of the Commission to Investigate the Facts of the 25th of January Revolution, Cairo: April 19th 2011, p. 6.
Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, Business Barometer, May 2011, Issue no. 27.
Gama Ghietas, “Facebook: The Heartbeat of the Revolution,” al-Ahram, March 1, 2011.
Gamal Ghietas, “Scientific Analysis of the Revolution through the Internet,” al-Ahram, March 8, 2011.
“Not against Mubarak Alone,” al-Dustur, October 19, 2011.
Abdel-Moneim Said, “Values and the Revolution,” al-Ahram Weekly On-line, No. 1053 (June 23–29, 2011)
Center of Information and Decision Making Support, Council of Ministers, “The Revolution of the Egyptian People: January 25th Revolution,” Information Reports, No. 50 (2011).
The author was a party to many of these unsuccessful efforts; he discusses them in three articles under the title “Why Did We Fail?” published in al-Ahram on April 18, April 25, and May 2, 2011.
Center of Information and Decision Making Support, “The Revolution of the Egyptian People,”
Azra, Azyumadi. “Krisis Mesir dan Indonesia” Republika, 10 Feb. 2011, hlm. 2.
“Dilema Husni Mubarak.” Republika. 5 Feb. 2011.
Qaris Tajudin and Akbar Pribadi Brahmana Aji. 2011.“Revolusi Tweeps” Tempo 13 Feb 2011.
Green, Duncan (2011, 17 February). What caused the Revolution in Egypt? The Guardian. Available at: http://www.guardian.com.
Ghietas, Gamal (2011, March 8). Scientific Analysis of the Revolution through the Internet. Al- Ahram Weekly (3-9 March 2011). Available at: http://www.weekly.ahram.org.
Peterson, Scott. 2011. “Egypt’s revolution redefines what’s possible in the Arab world,” The Christian Science Monitor.
Osman, Tarek. 2010. Egypt on the Brink. Yale University Press.
Shehata, Samer. 2004. “Egypt After 9/11: Perceptions of the United States,” Contemporary Conflicts, Social Science Research Council.
Cook, Steven A. 2007. “Ruling but not governing,” Johns Hopkins University Press.
Khalidi, Rashid. 2011, “ The Arab Spring,” The Nation.
Abdel Monem Said Aly, State and Revolution in Egypt: The Paradox of Change and Politics, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University, 2012, hlm: 30
Professor P. van Ham, 2012.“The Egyptian revolution, Al-Jazeera, Twitter and Facebook: The interaction effect of new media on the Egyptian revolution”, MIRD Master Thesis, M.C.T. Samuel.
Mani Thess Q. Pena. 2001. People Power in A Regime of Cosntitutionalism and The Rule of Law. Philippine Law Journal. Vol. 76 No. 1 Hal. 19 diakses melalui http://law.upd.edu.ph/plj/images/files/PLJ%20volume%2076/PLJ%20volume%2076%20numbe%20%2001%20Mani%20Thess%20Q.%20Pe%C3%B1a%20%20People%20Power%20in%20A%20Regime%20of%20Constitutionalism%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20Law.pdf pada tanggal 21 februari 2012
Nicholas Henry. 2011. People Power: The Everyday Politics of Democratic Resistance in Burma and the Philippines. Victoria University of Wellington. Pg. 12 Diakses melalui http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/1750/thesis.pdf?sequence=1 pada tanggal 21 Februari 2011
Fargues P. 1997. State Policies and the Birth Rate in Egypt: From Socialism to Liberalism // Population and Development Review 23(1): 115–138. P. 117–118.
Moreland S. 2006. Egypt’s Population Program: Assessing 25 Years of Family Planning. USAID.
Ali K.A. 1997. Modernization and Family Planning Programs in Egypt. Middle East Report, No. 205, Middle East Studies Networks: The Politics of a Field. P. 40–44.
Calculated on the data by UN Population Division database. URL: http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp. Calculations made by Justislav Bogevolnov
Aljihaz almarkaziyy lilta` bi’ah al` ammah walihsa’. Bahth alqiwa al` amilah lilrub` althalith (yulyu/aghustus/sibtimbir). alQahirah: Aljihaz almarkaziyy lilta` bi’ah al` amah walihsa’, 2010. URL: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/news.aspx?nid=491.
Richard Paul Mithcell. 2005. Masyarakat Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun : Gerakan Dakwah Al-Ikhwan Di Mata Cendekiawan Barat, Era Intermedia : Solo.
Khalil El–Anani, “Brotherhood Senarios,” al-Ahram Weekly On-line, No. 862 (September 13–19, 2007).
“Text of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: the formation of the committee to amend articles of the constitution, dissolved paliament and established the caretaker government” Masress.com, October 2011.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- Hak publikasi atas semua materi informasi yang tercantum dalam situs jurnal ini dipegang oleh dewan redaksi/editor dengan sepengetahuan penulis. Pengelola Jurnal akan menjunjung tinggi hak moral penulis.
- Aspek legal formal terhadap akses setiap informasi dan artikel yang tercantum dalam situs jurnal ini mengacu pada ketentuan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-NonCommercial-No Derivative (CC BY-NC-ND), yang berarti bahwa hanya dengan izin penulis, informasi dan artikel Jurnal BACA dapat didistribusikan ke pihak lain dengan tanpa merubah bentuk aslinya untuk tujuan non-komersial.
- Setiap terbitan Populis Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora, baik cetak maupun elektronik, bersifat open access untuk tujuan pendidikan, penelitian, dan perpustakaan. Di luar tujuan tersebut, penerbit atau pengelola jurnal tidak bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta yang dilakukan oleh pembaca atau pengakses.
